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REED EXHIBITIONS LIMITED
GATEWAY HOUSE, 28 THE QUADRANT, RICHMOND, SURREY, TW9 1DNCompany Number: 00678540
Incorporation date: 21-Dec-1960
Status: Active
Entity type: Private Limited Company
SIC codes:
82301 Activities of exhibition and fair organisers
SUMMARY
This company is 64.6 years old and is currently active. It is controlled by Relx (Uk). The company has positive equity (net assets) of GBP 46.7 million which has decreased from the previous year's figure of GBP 32.8 billion. The latest reported revenue figure is GBP 133.7 million which is up 10% on previous year's figure of GBP 120.1 million. The company has 4 active officers (directors or partners) who are or were officers of 32 other companies, 1 (3.1%) of which have since been dissolved or are proposed for strike off. The company has no public disputes filed on the Business Disputes Register. There are no court cases involving the company that we are aware of.FINANCIALS (BETA)
Next accounts due: 30-Sep-2025Accounts Filed: FULL (31-Dec-2023)
P&L Financials:
Year end | Currency | Revenue | Operating profit | Interest Received | Interest Paid | Tax | Net Profit GBP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
31-Dec-2018 | GBP | 133,668,000 | 25,031,000 | 425,000 | -8,812,000 | ||
31-Dec-2017 | GBP | 120,053,376 | 39,818,663 | 41,066 | 950,957 | ||
31-Dec-2016 | GBP | 111,164,494 | -8,602,523 | 9,116,384 | |||
31-Dec-2015 | GBP | 96,937,204 | 6,033,202 | 1,731,570 | 121,331 | ||
31-Dec-2014 | GBP | 95,639,341 | 8,117,570 | 1,183,625 | 9,646,987 | ||
31-Dec-2013 | GBP | 87,445,132 | 8,594,934 | 3,800,681 | 4,794,253 | ||
31-Dec-2012 | GBP | 81,271,328 | 2,927,154 | -5,992,574 | -3,877,080 | ||
31-Dec-2011 | GBP | 73,907,086 | 705,737 | 1,194,760 | 5,973,361 | ||
31-Dec-2010 | GBP | 72,210,717 | -31,819 | -1,051,272 | |||
31-Dec-2009 | GBP | 59,920,086 | 2,587,307 | 1,095,250 | 8,778,865 |
Balance Sheet Financials:
Year end | Currency | Cash | Current Assets | Current Liabilities | Debt | Share Capital | Premium Reserve | Retained Earnings | Net Assets |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
31-Dec-2018 | GBP | 691,000 | 51,140,000 | 223,081,000 | 1,626,000 | 539,000 | 8,035,000 | 46,708,000 | |
31-Dec-2017 | GBP | 805,726 | 54,857,602 | 538,760 | 8,034,840 | 24,179,447 | 32,753,047 | ||
31-Dec-2016 | GBP | 29,105,136 | 56,745,993 | 169,765 | 538,760 | 8,034,840 | -10,967,942 | -2,394,342 | |
31-Dec-2015 | GBP | 23,480,771 | 48,198,175 | 169,765 | 538,760 | 8,034,840 | 8,836,683 | 17,410,283 | |
31-Dec-2014 | GBP | 23,558,225 | 78,279,703 | 169,765 | 538,760 | 8,034,840 | 1 | 59,987,054 | |
31-Dec-2013 | GBP | 22,470,307 | 69,004,308 | 169,765 | 538,760 | 8,034,840 | 40,052,456 | 48,626,056 | |
31-Dec-2012 | GBP | 1,904,014 | 67,853,980 | 573,840 | 538,760 | 8,034,840 | 33,666,010 | 42,239,610 | |
31-Dec-2011 | GBP | 17,341,479 | 69,632,166 | 573,840 | 538,760 | 8,034,840 | 35,652,960 | 44,226,560 | |
31-Dec-2010 | GBP | 13,866,111 | 60,018,274 | 573,840 | 538,760 | 8,034,840 | 28,528,464 | 37,102,064 | |
31-Dec-2009 | GBP | 5,087 | 54,526,049 | 573,840 | 538,760 | 8,034,840 | 30,413,393 | 38,986,993 |
VALUATION EVENTS (BETA)
Year end | Currency | % Equity | Sum raised | Pre-Money Valuation* | Post-Money Valuation* | Enterprise Value** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
31-Dec-2018 | GBP | 0.04% | 400 | 897,933 | 898,333 | 962,770 |
** Estimated based on average Cash and Debt levels during period
DISPUTES
No disputes filed on www.disputesregister.orgCOMPANY SECRETARY
Status | Name | Appointed on | Resigned on | Occupation | Nationality | All apointments (active/resigned) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active | RE SECRETARIES LIMITED | 01 Apr 2020 | 17 Jul 2025 | 20 - 216 | ||
Active | RE SECRETARIES LIMITED | 01 Apr 2020 | 17 Jul 2025 | 1 - 0 | ||
Resigned | Jacqueline Mary POOLE | 31 May 2007 | 01 Apr 2020 | Company Lawyer | British | 0 - 33 |
Resigned | Suzanne Jane KING | 03 Apr 2000 | 30 Apr 2007 | Chartered Accountant | British | 29 - 69 |
Resigned | Annmarie WALLIS | 22 Jul 1996 | 31 Mar 2000 | Chartered Accountant | British | 1 - 47 |
Resigned | Robert Christopher REES | 25 May 1994 | 22 Jul 1996 | Chartered Accountant | British | 0 - 50 |
Resigned | Anne Janette JOSEPH | 23 Mar 1992 | 25 May 1994 | Solicitor | British | 0 - 67 |
Resigned | Terence Harry Thomas SHEPHERD | 23 Mar 1992 | British | 0 - 13 |
DIRECTORS
Status | Name | Appointed on | Resigned on | Occupation | Nationality | All appointments (active/resigned) |
Dissolved companies (rate) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active | Rachel Anne TRAVERS | 27 Sep 2023 | Company Director | New Zealander | 3 - 0 | 0 (0.0%) | |
Active | Corinne Jeanne Claudine CROSNIER | 01 Jan 2021 | Company Director | French | 6 - 11 | 2 (11.8%) | |
Resigned | Michael William KIMBER | 01 Jan 2021 | 25 Jan 2024 | Accountant | British | 0 - 16 | 2 (12.5%) |
Active | Piers Jonathan KELLY | 01 Jan 2021 | Company Director | British | 5 - 3 | 1 (12.5%) | |
Resigned | Darren Geoffrey JOHNSON | 30 Nov 2017 | 31 Dec 2020 | Company Director | British | 1 - 22 | 0 (0.0%) |
Active | Michele Ruth TILEY-HILL | 30 Nov 2017 | Company Director | British | 5 - 27 | 2 (6.3%) | |
Resigned | Kumsal Bayazit BESSON | 01 Apr 2016 | 15 Feb 2019 | Company Director | Turkish | 0 - 1 | 0 (0.0%) |
Resigned | Alexander David Stuart BOWDEN | 02 Dec 2013 | 31 Jan 2021 | Accountant | British | 1 - 51 | 19 (36.5%) |
Resigned | Richard John Norman MORTIMORE | 02 Aug 2013 | 01 Oct 2020 | Chief Executive | British | 0 - 37 | 13 (35.1%) |
Resigned | Andrew Timothy FOWLES | 27 Apr 2010 | 31 Mar 2016 | Director | British | 0 - 6 | 0 (0.0%) |
Resigned | Justin Nicholas James TADMAN | 07 Mar 2008 | 03 Oct 2008 | Divisional Managing Director | British | 0 - 8 | 1 (12.5%) |
Resigned | Corinne Lisa CUNNINGHAM | 06 Jun 2007 | 17 Jul 2017 | Commercial Director | British | 3 - 37 | 18 (45.0%) |
Resigned | Alastair Charles GORNALL | 01 Sep 2004 | 26 Apr 2010 | Chief Executive Officer | British | 0 - 16 | 9 (56.3%) |
Resigned | Karen Margaret TAYLOR | 02 Dec 2002 | 31 Jan 2004 | Managing Director | British | 0 - 7 | 2 (28.6%) |
Resigned | Robert Gresley RIGBY-HALL | 27 Apr 2001 | 31 Jan 2004 | Human Resources | British | 0 - 1 | 0 (0.0%) |
Resigned | Andrew David ROBERTS | 19 Feb 2001 | 28 Jun 2002 | Managing Director | British | 0 - 3 | 0 (0.0%) |
Resigned | Louis ALGOUD | 06 Nov 2000 | 31 Mar 2015 | Director | British | 0 - 3 | 0 (0.0%) |
Resigned | Suzanne Jane KING | 03 Apr 2000 | 30 Apr 2007 | Chartered Accountant | British | 29 - 69 | 34 (34.7%) |
Resigned | David Derek WOOD | 14 Apr 1998 | 27 Oct 2000 | Manageing Director | British | 0 - 14 | 7 (50.0%) |
Resigned | Brian John BRADFORD | 07 Mar 1997 | 30 Sep 2002 | Exhibition Organiser | British | 0 - 4 | 3 (75.0%) |
Resigned | Thomas Gil HEINERSDORFF | 24 Mar 1994 | 06 Nov 1995 | Manager | British | 0 - 7 | 5 (71.4%) |
Resigned | Valerie THOMPSON | 02 Nov 1993 | 27 May 1994 | Marketing Director | British | 0 - 1 | 0 (0.0%) |
Resigned | Robert Christopher REES | 02 Nov 1993 | 31 Dec 2017 | Chartered Accountant | British | 0 - 50 | 28 (56.0%) |
Resigned | William Rupert MORRIS | 02 Nov 1993 | 08 Jun 1994 | Exhibition Organiser | British | 0 - 2 | 0 (0.0%) |
Resigned | Annmarie WALLIS | 02 Nov 1993 | 31 Mar 2000 | Chartered Accountant | British | 1 - 47 | 28 (58.3%) |
Resigned | Michael Richard WHIBLEY | 02 Nov 1993 | 30 Jun 1999 | Exhibition Organisers | British | 0 - 3 | 1 (33.3%) |
Resigned | Anne Janette JOSEPH | 16 Nov 1992 | 25 May 1994 | Solicitor | British | 0 - 67 | 38 (56.7%) |
Resigned | Peter Nicholas FORSTER | 19 Oct 1992 | 30 Jun 2013 | Accountant | British | 2 - 55 | 32 (56.1%) |
Resigned | Alexander Howard POTTER | 14 Aug 1992 | 19 Apr 1994 | Chartered Accountant | British | 0 - 4 | 3 (75.0%) |
Resigned | Michael John RUSBRIDGE | 23 Mar 1992 | 31 Dec 2015 | Director | British | 2 - 50 | 30 (57.7%) |
Resigned | Stuart George RICHARDSON | 06 Mar 1992 | 22 Oct 1993 | Accountant | British | 0 - 3 | 1 (33.3%) |
Resigned | Roger Charles MARRIOTT | 12 Feb 1992 | 01 Aug 1995 | Director | British | 1 - 15 | 7 (43.8%) |
Resigned | Keith Paul GREETHAM | 31 Jan 1992 | 30 Jun 1993 | Director | British | 4 - 25 | 16 (55.2%) |
Resigned | David PALMER | 31 Jan 1992 | 11 Jun 1993 | Finance Director | British | 0 - 9 | 5 (55.6%) |
Resigned | Philip Paul ULLO | 31 Dec 1994 | Director | American | 0 - 2 | 1 (50.0%) | |
Resigned | David PALMER | 11 Jun 1993 | Finance Director | British | 0 - 9 | 5 (55.6%) | |
Resigned | Roger Charles MARRIOTT | 01 Aug 1995 | Director | British | 1 - 15 | 7 (43.8%) | |
Resigned | Keith Paul GREETHAM | 30 Jun 1993 | Director | British | 4 - 25 | 16 (55.2%) | |
Resigned | Peter Nicholas FORSTER | 30 Jun 2013 | Accountant | British | 2 - 55 | 32 (56.1%) | |
Resigned | Terence Harry Thomas SHEPHERD | 23 Mar 1992 | Secretary | British | 0 - 13 | 10 (76.9%) | |
Resigned | Thomas Edward CARIDI | 30 Mar 1995 | Director | American | 0 - 1 | 0 (0.0%) | |
Resigned | Patrick George Bradley ROBINSON | 30 Apr 1999 | Director | British | 0 - 3 | 1 (33.3%) | |
Resigned | Ian James Dale ROBINSON | 12 Feb 1993 | Director | British | 1 - 6 | 5 (71.4%) | |
Resigned | Michael John RUSBRIDGE | 31 Dec 2015 | Director | British | 2 - 50 | 30 (57.7%) |
Average tenure of active directors: 4.6 years
Average tenure of resigned directors: 4.4 years
Average active director Dissolution Rate: 7.6%
DIRECTOR APPOINTMENTS IN OTHER COMPANIES
SHAREHOLDERS (BETA)
Shareholder name | Share class | Shares at confirmation date | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020-06-14 | 2016-09-13 | 2015-09-13 | 2014-09-13 | 2013-09-13 | ||
RELX (UK) LIMITED | ORDINARY | 538,760 100% | 11,708 2.17% | 0 0% | 0 0% | 0 0% |
RELX (UK) LIMITED | DEFERRED | 0 0% | 526,000 97.6% | 0 0% | 0 0% | 0 0% |
REED NOMINEES LIMITED | ORDINARY | 0 0% | 1,052 0.195% | 1,052 0.195% | 1,052 0.195% | 1,052 0.195% |
REED ELSEVIER (UK) LIMITED | DEFERRED | 0 0% | 0 0% | 526,000 97.6% | 526,000 97.6% | 526,000 97.6% |
REED ELSEVIER (UK) LIMITED | ORDINARY | 0 0% | 0 0% | 11,708 2.17% | 11,708 2.17% | 11,708 2.17% |
SHAREHOLDINGS (BETA)
Company name | Share class | Shares at confimation date | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020-06-14 | 2019-07-07 | 2018-11-24 | 2018-09-09 | 2017-03-26 | ||
REED EXHIBITIONS LIMITED | ORDINARY | 245,000 99.7% | 0 0% | 0 0% | 12 100% | 219,177 50% |
REED EXHIBITIONS LIMITED | ORDINARY | 400 0.163% | 0 0% | 0 0% | 0 0% | 219,177 50% |
REED EXHIBITIONS LIMITED | ORDINARY | 400 0.163% | 0 0% | 0 0% | 0 0% | 0 0% |
REED EXHIBITIONS LIMITED | A ORDINARY | 0 0% | 61,250 25% | 0 0% | 0 0% | 0 0% |
REED EXHIBITIONS LIMITED | B ORDINARY | 0 0% | 61,250 25% | 0 0% | 0 0% | 0 0% |
REED EXHIBITIONS LIMITED | C ORDINARY | 0 0% | 61,250 25% | 0 0% | 0 0% | 0 0% |
REED EXHIBITIONS LIMITED | D ORDINARY | 0 0% | 61,250 25% | 0 0% | 0 0% | 0 0% |
REED EXHIBITIONS LIMITED | A ORDINARY SHARES | 0 0% | 0 0% | 2,700 27% | 0 0% | 0 0% |
REED EXHIBITIONS LIMITED | B ORDINARY SHARES | 0 0% | 0 0% | 2,700 27% | 0 0% | 0 0% |
REED EXHIBITIONS LIMITED | ORDINARY SHARES | 0 0% | 0 0% | 2,000 20% | 0 0% | 0 0% |
REED EXHIBITIONS LIMITED | D ORDINARY SHARES | 0 0% | 0 0% | 1,300 13% | 0 0% | 0 0% |
REED EXHIBITIONS LIMITED | C ORDINARY SHARES | 0 0% | 0 0% | 1,300 13% | 0 0% | 0 0% |
CONTROLLED COMPANIES / CONTROLLING ENTITIES
Controlling entities above
REED EXHIBITIONS LIMITED
Controlled companies below
LATE PAYMENTS REPORT
Start date | End date | Average days to pay | % invoices paid over 60 days | % invoices not paid within agreed terms | Gov.uk report |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2024-07-01 | 2024-12-31 | 23 | 3% | 9% | 93119 |
2024-01-01 | 2024-06-30 | 23 | 3% | 11% | 87078 |
2023-07-01 | 2023-12-31 | 26 | 6% | 13% | 79770 |
2023-01-01 | 2023-06-30 | 23 | 4% | 5% | 75170 |
2022-07-01 | 2022-12-31 | 26 | 5% | 11% | 67802 |
2022-01-01 | 2022-06-30 | 21 | 4% | 11% | 60347 |
2021-07-01 | 2021-12-31 | 21 | 2% | 15% | 54850 |
2021-01-01 | 2021-06-30 | 22 | 1% | 11% | 47191 |
2020-07-01 | 2020-12-31 | 22 | 1% | 11% | 42619 |
2020-01-01 | 2020-06-30 | 22 | 0% | 10% | 34960 |
2019-07-01 | 2019-12-31 | 20 | 0% | 10% | 28789 |
2019-01-01 | 2019-06-30 | 38 | 16% | 29% | 19509 |
2018-07-01 | 2018-12-31 | 41 | 16% | 43% | 12728 |
2018-01-01 | 2018-06-30 | 42 | 16% | 44% | 5422 |
COURT CASES
No Court Cases found
PATENTS
No Patents found
COMPETITORS
(Based on Sic code:
82301 Activities of exhibition and fair organisers)
Company | Registered Address | Company Number | YE Date | Revenue GBP | Net Profit GBP | Other SIC codes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
REED EXHIBITIONS LIMITED | GATEWAY HOUSE, 28 THE QUADRANT, RICHMOND, SURREY, TW9 1DN | 00678540 | 2017-12-31 | 120,053,376 | 31,417,257 | |
ITE EVENTS LIMITED | 2 KINGDOM STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND, W2 6JG | 07925964 | 2017-12-31 | 95,823,000 | 13,988,000 | |
CLARION EVENTS LIMITED | BEDFORD HOUSE, FULHAM HIGH STREET, LONDON, SW6 3JW | 00454826 | 2018-01-31 | 63,949,000 | 11,828,000 | |
BLUEWATER EVENTS LTD | 8TH FLOOR,, 167 FLEET STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND, EC4A 2EA | 04680703 | 2018-02-28 | 573,221 | 0 | |
AT THE MARKET LIMITED | 20 TENNANT STREET, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND, EH6 5ND | SC499563 | 2018-03-31 | 311,030 | 0 | |
BEINGS DIGITAL LTD | 29TH FLOOR, 40 BANK STREET, LONDON, E14 5NR | 07380594 | 2018-03-31 | 309,345 | 0 | |
COLOUR COORDINATE BP LIMITED | 30 OLD VICARAGE ROAD, WILLASTON, NESTON, ENGLAND, CH64 2XD | 06974441 | 2018-07-31 | 199,748 | 0 | |
DOWNEY BIRCH LTD | 2 BEECHILL BUSINESS PARK, 96 BEECHILL ROAD, BELFAST, UNITED KINGDOM, BT8 7QN | NI063679 | 2018-03-31 | 198,895 | 0 | |
HARROGATE CHRISTMAS MARKET LIMITED | LINKS VIEW HOUSE, 8 FULWITH AVENUE, HARROGATE, HG2 8HR | 04002044 | 2018-07-31 | 157,820 | 0 | |
THE BIKE PLACE SHOW LTD | 38 WELLINGTON AVENUE, PRINCES RISBOROUGH, HP27 9LA | 08721624 | 2019-03-31 | 76,866 | 0 | |
WE&PARTNERS LIMITED | 1 CONWAY CLOSE, RAINHAM, ESSEX, RM13 7DS | 08654695 | 2018-08-31 | 64,329 | 0 | |
SANDBOX SUMMITS LIMITED | SATAGO COTTAGE, 360A BRIGHTON ROAD, CROYDON, CR2 6AL | 05525875 | 2018-08-31 | 40,273 | 0 | |
CELIA BYATT EVENT CONSULTANCY LIMITED | 36 FAIRMILE, HENLEY-ON-THAMES, ENGLAND, RG9 2LA | 07624210 | 2018-05-31 | 38,600 | 0 | |
YORKSHIRE BUSINESS MARKET LIMITED | LINKS VIEW HOUSE, 8 FULWITH AVENUE, HARROGATE, UNITED KINGDOM, HG2 8HR | 10767559 | 2018-05-31 | 36,760 | 0 | |
DUNSTALL ARTS LTD | 167-169 GREAT PORTLAND STREET, LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM, W1W 5PF | 10909718 | 2018-12-31 | 31,660 | 0 |
82990-Other business support service activities not elsewhere classified |
EVENTS (DTV) LIMITED | THE POWER HOUSE DURHAM TEES VALLEY AIRPORT, YARM ROAD, MIDDLETON ST GEORGE, DARLINGTON, ENGLAND, DL2 1TS | 10651133 | 2019-03-31 | 30,415 | 0 | |
BACKWELL FESTIVAL LIMITED | 25 EMBERCOURT DRIVE, BACKWELL, BRISTOL, UNITED KINGDOM, BS48 3HU | 09628508 | 2018-10-31 | 21,206 | 0 | |
EVENTAGIOUS EVENT MANAGEMENT LTD | 14 FFORDD LLETY SHENKIN, CWMBACH, ABERDARE, RCT, UNITED KINGDOM, CF44 0AN | 10998361 | 2018-10-31 | 7,344 | 0 |
82302-Activities of conference organisers |
ELSPETH BURRAGE LIMITED | 18 NEWPORT STREET, TIVERTON, DEVON, ENGLAND, EX16 6NL | 09965275 | 2018-10-31 | 6,158 | 0 | |
CLASSIC EVENTS (BRADFORD) LTD | 4 PEMBROKE COURT, CROSLAND HILL, HUDDERSFIELD, ENGLAND, HD4 5NB | 11101465 | 2018-12-31 | 5,750 | 0 | |
SARADIPITY EVENTS LTD | 20 CHURCH TERRACE, GLOSSOP, ENGLAND, SK13 7RL | 09331271 | 2018-11-30 | 880 | 0 | |
MG EVENTS LTD | DEVONSHIRE HOUSE, MANOR WAY, BOREHAMWOOD, HERTFORDSHIRE, WD6 1QQ | 09383148 | 2019-01-31 | 0 | 0 |
82302-Activities of conference organisers 82990-Other business support service activities not elsewhere classified |
PVF EVENTS LIMITED | PILGRIM HOUSE, OXFORD PLACE, PLYMOUTH, PL1 5AJ | 07383677 | 2018-09-30 | 0 | 0 | |
STUDIOSTAND LIMITED | 20 WENLOCK ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND, N1 7GU | 07537822 | 2019-02-28 | 0 | 0 | |
PSPA FINANCE LIMITED | BEDFORD HOUSE 69-79, FULHAM HIGH STREET, LONDON, SW6 3JW | 10026760 | 0000-00-00 | 0 | 0 | |
PSPA HOLDCO LIMITED | BEDFORD HOUSE, FULHAM HIGH STREET, LONDON, SW6 3JW | 09359005 | 0000-00-00 | 0 | 0 | |
PSPA LIMITED | BEDFORD HOUSE, FULHAM HIGH STREET, LONDON, SW6 3JW | 09359116 | 0000-00-00 | 0 | 0 | |
PSPA MIDCO LIMITED | BEDFORD HOUSE, FULHAM HIGH STREET, LONDON, SW6 3JW | 09370042 | 0000-00-00 | 0 | 0 | |
PSPA TOPCO LIMITED | BEDFORD HOUSE, FULHAM HIGH STREET, LONDON, SW6 3JW | 09369835 | 0000-00-00 | 0 | 0 |
LIQUIDATION RISK (BETA)
This company is Active. Statistically, Active companies have a low probability of being liquidated within a year.
Here are our probability predictions:
Basis | Liquidation within 3 months | Liquidation within 6 months | Liquidation within 12 months | Prediction confidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
REED EXHIBITIONS LIMITED | 0.7% | 3.6% | 7.1% | Medium |
Other companies Active in the same sector | 0.0% | 3.9% | 10.7% | Medium |
Age | 0.4% | 1.4% | 2.7% | Medium |
Company Type | 0.7% | 3.7% | 7.4% | Medium |
Accounts category | 0.7% | 2.2% | 3.8% | Medium |
Accounting Month | 0.6% | 2.4% | 5.5% | Medium |
Sic code count | 0.7% | 3.5% | 7.0% | Medium |